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he's been banned from there

  • 1 vedar

    v.
    to prohibit.
    * * *
    1 (prohibir) to prohibit, forbid, ban
    2 (impedir) to prevent
    3 (proyecto, idea) to veto
    * * *
    verb
    to ban, prohibit
    * * *
    VT (=prohibir) to prohibit, ban; (=impedir) to stop, prevent; [+ idea, plan] to veto
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) <caza/pesca> to prohibit, ban ( during the closed season)
    b) ( prohibir) to ban
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) <caza/pesca> to prohibit, ban ( during the closed season)
    b) ( prohibir) to ban
    * * *
    vedar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 ‹caza/pesca› to prohibit, ban ( during the closed season)
    a partir de mañana queda vedada la pesca the fishing season ends today, fishing is banned o prohibited as from tomorrow
    2 (prohibir) to ban
    vedar el consumo de carne to ban the consumption of meat
    tiene la entrada vedada en ese lugar he's been banned from there
    en esta casa ese tema está vedado we don't mention that subject in this house, that subject is taboo o banned in this house
    son placeres que les están vedados they are pleasures which are forbidden to them
    * * *

    vedar ( conjugate vedar) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹caza/pesca› to prohibit, ban ( during the closed season)


    vedar verbo transitivo to forbid, prohibit
    * * *
    vedar vt
    1. [prohibir] to prohibit, to ban;
    tiene vedada la entrada al club he has been banned from the club;
    la política es un tema vedado en tales reuniones politics is a taboo subject in such meetings
    2. [impedir] to prevent;
    la valla veda el paso a la propiedad the fence bars the way into the estate
    3. [caza, pesca] to prohibit, to ban
    * * *
    v/t ban, prohibit
    * * *
    vedar vt
    1) : to prohibit, to ban
    2) impedir: to impede, to prevent

    Spanish-English dictionary > vedar

  • 2 prohibir

    v.
    1 to forbid.
    prohibir a alguien hacer algo to forbid somebody to do something
    tengo prohibido el alcohol I've been told I mustn't touch alcohol
    a partir de ahora está prohibido fumar en los lugares públicos smoking in public places has now been banned
    3 to forbid to, to forbid.
    Ella los desautorizó beber She forbade them to drink.
    * * *
    (stressed í in certain persons of certain tenses)
    Present Indicative
    prohíbo, prohíbes, prohíbe, prohibimos, prohibís, prohíben.
    Present Subjunctive
    prohíba, prohíbas, prohíba, prohibamos, prohibáis, prohíban.
    Imperative
    prohíbe (tú), prohíba (él/Vd.), prohibamos (nos.), prohibid (vos.), prohíban (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    verb
    to ban, forbid, prohibit
    * * *
    VT
    1) (=vedar) [+ venta, consumo, publicidad, prueba nuclear] to ban, prohibit

    quieren prohibir la caza de ballenas — they want to put a ban on whaling, they want to ban whaling

    está totalmente prohibido hacer publicidad del tabaco — there is a total ban on tobacco advertising, tobacco advertising is completely banned o forbidden

    2) (=no permitir)

    prohibir algo a algn: prohibieron el acceso a la prensa — the press were banned

    el médico me ha prohibido los dulces — the doctor says I'm not allowed (to eat) sweet things, the doctor has banned me from eating sweet things

    • prohibir a algn hacer algo, me prohibió entrar en su casa — he banned me from his house, he forbade me to enter his house

    la dirección nos prohibía usar maquillaje — the management prohibited us from wearing make-up, the management forbade us to wear make-up

    • prohibir a algn que haga algo — to forbid sb to do sth

    • tener algo prohibido, tengo prohibido el tabaco — I'm not allowed to smoke

    me tienen prohibida la entrada — I'm banned, they have banned me

    me tienen prohibido hablar de política mientras comemos — I'm banned from talking politics at the dinner-table, I'm not allowed to talk politics at the dinner-table

    3) [en letreros]

    prohibido el paso a toda persona ajena a la obra — no unauthorized entry, authorized personnel only

    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) <acto/venta> to prohibit (frml)

    prohibido el paso or prohibida la entrada — no entry

    prohibido fijar carteles — stick no bills, bill posters o bill stickers will be prosecuted

    b)

    se prohíbe la entrada a menores de 16 años — over 16s only, no admission to persons under 16 years of age

    c)

    prohibirle A alguien + INF — to forbid somebody to + inf, prohibit somebody from -ing (frml)

    d)

    prohibir A alguien QUE + SUBJ — to forbid somebody to + inf

    * * *
    = bar, outlaw, forbid, prohibit, impose + ban, ban, restrain from, banish, proscribe.
    Ex. Once the library is closed, all incoming or all outgoing calls should be barred.
    Ex. The Taft-Hartley Act outlawed closed shops, jurisdictional strikes, sympathy strikes, and refusal to bargain.
    Ex. Library policy may forbid staff members from giving appraisals.
    Ex. There are laws which prohibit unlawful copyright infringement, but these are frequently contradictory and open to interpretation.
    Ex. By imposing a ban one is only likely to set up antagonism and frustration which will turn against the very thing we are trying to encourage.
    Ex. In the Soviet Union the introduction of glasnost has allowed the publication of some books previously banned, but has had little effect on libraries.
    Ex. 'We also need to know the kinds of questions we are legally restrained from asking'.
    Ex. Many types and colours of shelving are now available, and forbidding dark wooden bookcases have been banished from most libraries.
    Ex. Under proposed legislation librarians and distributors who disseminate materials proscribed under these laws would be criminally liable.
    ----
    * prohibir la entrada en = ban from.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) <acto/venta> to prohibit (frml)

    prohibido el paso or prohibida la entrada — no entry

    prohibido fijar carteles — stick no bills, bill posters o bill stickers will be prosecuted

    b)

    se prohíbe la entrada a menores de 16 años — over 16s only, no admission to persons under 16 years of age

    c)

    prohibirle A alguien + INF — to forbid somebody to + inf, prohibit somebody from -ing (frml)

    d)

    prohibir A alguien QUE + SUBJ — to forbid somebody to + inf

    * * *
    = bar, outlaw, forbid, prohibit, impose + ban, ban, restrain from, banish, proscribe.

    Ex: Once the library is closed, all incoming or all outgoing calls should be barred.

    Ex: The Taft-Hartley Act outlawed closed shops, jurisdictional strikes, sympathy strikes, and refusal to bargain.
    Ex: Library policy may forbid staff members from giving appraisals.
    Ex: There are laws which prohibit unlawful copyright infringement, but these are frequently contradictory and open to interpretation.
    Ex: By imposing a ban one is only likely to set up antagonism and frustration which will turn against the very thing we are trying to encourage.
    Ex: In the Soviet Union the introduction of glasnost has allowed the publication of some books previously banned, but has had little effect on libraries.
    Ex: 'We also need to know the kinds of questions we are legally restrained from asking'.
    Ex: Many types and colours of shelving are now available, and forbidding dark wooden bookcases have been banished from most libraries.
    Ex: Under proposed legislation librarians and distributors who disseminate materials proscribed under these laws would be criminally liable.
    * prohibir la entrada en = ban from.

    * * *
    vt
    1 ‹acto/venta› to prohibit ( frml)
    esta ley prohíbe la huelga en los servicios públicos this law bans o prohibits strikes in public services
    queda terminantemente prohibido it is strictly forbidden o prohibited
    se prohibió la venta de hortalizas procedentes de la zona the sale of vegetables from the area was banned o prohibited
    se prohíbe el uso de diccionarios you are not allowed to use dictionaries, the use of dictionaries is forbidden ( frml)
    iba en dirección prohibida I was going the wrong way up a one-way street
    [ S ] prohibido el paso or prohibida la entrada no entry
    [ S ] prohibido fijar carteles stick no bills, bill posters o bill stickers will be prosecuted
    [ S ] prohibido fumar no smoking
    está prohibido fumar aquí you/she/he can't smoke here o this is a no-smoking area
    2 prohibirle algo A algn to ban sb FROM sth
    me había prohibido la entrada al edificio he had banned me from the building o from entering the building
    el médico me ha prohibido la sal the doctor has told me I mustn't have salt
    [ S ] se prohíbe la entrada a menores de 16 años over 16s only, no admission to persons under 16 years of age
    tengo prohibido el alcohol I've been told I mustn't drink alcohol
    3 prohibirle A algn + INF to forbid sb to + INF, prohibit sb FROM -ING ( frml)
    me prohibió tocar la máquina he forbade me to touch the machine, he told me not to touch the machine
    prohíben a las mujeres participar en estos actos women are prohibited o banned from participating in these ceremonies, women are not allowed to participate in these ceremonies
    le tenemos prohibido salir he's not allowed out, we've grounded him ( colloq)
    4 prohibir A algn QUE + SUBJ to forbid sb to + INF
    te prohíbo que le hables así a tu madre I forbid you to speak to your mother like that
    * * *

     

    prohibir ( conjugate prohibir) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹acto/venta› to ban, prohibit (frml);



    ( on signs) prohibido el paso or prohibida la entrada no entry;
    ( on signs) prohibido fumar no smoking;
    ( on signs) se prohíbe la entrada a menores de 16 años over 16s only, no admission to persons under 16 years of age
    b) prohibirle algo A algn to ban sb from sth;

    prohibirle A algn hacer algo to forbid sb to do sth, prohibit sb from doing sth (frml);
    prohibir A algn QUE haga algo to forbid sb to do sth
    prohibir verbo transitivo
    1 to forbid, prohibit: le han prohibi-do el alcohol, he's been told not to drink alcohol
    2 (legalmente) to ban: comprar tabaco está prohibido para menores de 16 años, it is forbidden for persons under sixteen years of age to purchase tobacco
    ' prohibir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    vedar
    English:
    ban
    - bar
    - embargo
    - forbid
    - nix
    - outlaw
    - prohibit
    - stop
    - banish
    * * *
    1. [impedir, proscribir] to forbid;
    prohibir a alguien hacer algo to forbid sb to do sth;
    te prohíbo que vayas a la fiesta I forbid you to go to the party;
    el médico me ha prohibido fumar the doctor has told me to stop smoking;
    tengo prohibido el alcohol I've been told I mustn't touch alcohol;
    se prohíbe el paso [en letrero] no entry
    2. [por ley] [de antemano] to prohibit;
    [a posteriori] to ban;
    a partir de ahora se prohíbe fumar en los lugares públicos smoking in public places has now been banned;
    * * *
    v/t forbid; oficialmente ban;
    prohibir a alguien hacer algo forbid s.o. to do sth;
    prohibido fumar no smoking
    * * *
    prohibir {62} vt
    : to prohibit, to ban, to forbid
    * * *
    1. (en general) to forbid [pt. forbade; pp. forbidden]
    2. (por ley) to ban [pt. & pp. banned]

    Spanish-English dictionary > prohibir

  • 3 vietare vt

    [vje'tare]
    (proibire) to forbid, (Amm : importazione, sosta) to prohibit, ban, (sciopero, manifestazione) to ban, prohibit

    vietare a qn di fare qc — to forbid sb to do sth, prohibit sb from doing sth

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > vietare vt

  • 4 vietare

    vt [vje'tare]
    (proibire) to forbid, (Amm : importazione, sosta) to prohibit, ban, (sciopero, manifestazione) to ban, prohibit

    vietare a qn di fare qc — to forbid sb to do sth, prohibit sb from doing sth

    Nuovo dizionario Italiano-Inglese > vietare

  • 5 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 6 interdiction

    interdiction [ɛ̃tεʀdiksjɔ̃]
    feminine noun
    • « interdiction de coller des affiches » "no bills"
    • « interdiction de tourner à droite » "no right turn"
    • « interdiction de stationner » "no parking"
    • « interdiction de déposer des ordures » "no dumping"
    * * *
    ɛ̃tɛʀdiksjɔ̃
    1) ( action d'interdire) banning

    ‘interdiction de fumer’ — ‘no smoking’

    condamné avec interdiction d'exercer sa profession — found guilty and banned from practising [BrE]

    2) ( chose interdite) ban
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    ɛ̃tɛʀdiksjɔ̃ nf

    "interdiction de fumer" — "no smoking"

    * * *
    1 ( action d'interdire) banning; demander l'interdiction de qch to ask for sth to be banned; ‘interdiction de fumer’ ‘no smoking’; ‘interdiction de dépasser’ ‘no overtaking’ GB, ‘no passing’ US; ‘interdiction de stationner’ ‘no parking’; il a été condamné avec interdiction d'exercer sa profession he was found guilty and banned from practisingGB; la décision est en contradiction avec l'interdiction du travail des mineurs the decision contravenes the ban on child labourGB;
    2 ( chose interdite) ban; maintenir/lever une interdiction to maintain/lift a ban; toutes les interdictions d'importer de la viande… all bans on meat imports…; trois mois d'interdiction de sortie du territoire a three-month ban on leaving the country;
    3 ( de fonctionnaire) barring from office; fonctionnaire frappé d'interdiction civil servant who has been barred from holding office;
    4 Jur interdiction (judiciaire) declaration of legal incompetence.
    interdiction de séjour prohibition on residence.
    [ɛ̃tɛrdiksjɔ̃] nom féminin
    1. [prohibition] ban, banning
    passer outre à/lever une interdiction to ignore/to lift a ban
    et maintenant, interdiction d'utiliser la voiture! and now you're banned from driving the car!
    ‘interdiction de faire demi-tour’ ‘no U-turn’
    ‘interdiction de marcher sur les pelouses’ ‘keep off the grass, do not walk on the grass’
    ‘interdiction de stationner’ ‘no parking’
    ‘interdiction de déposer des ordures’ ‘no dumping’
    ‘interdiction (formelle ou absolue) de fumer’ ‘(strictly) no smoking, smoking (strictly) prohibited’
    2. [suspension - d'un fonctionnaire] suspension (from duty) ; [ - d'un aviateur] grounding ; [ - d'un prêtre] interdict, interdiction
    Smoking is not permitted in the office. Il est interdit de fumer dans les bureaux
    You're not meant to be in here at the weekend. Vous n'êtes pas censés être ici le week-end
    You're not allowed to run in the corridors. Il est interdit de courir dans les couloirs
    I'm afraid I'm not allowed to give out those details over the phone. Je regrette, mais je n'ai pas le droit de vous donner ces renseignements par téléphone
    Don't ever do that again! Ne t'avise plus jamais de recommencer!
    I forbid you to talk to him. Je t'interdis de lui parler
    On no account must you tell anyone about this meeting. Vous ne devez surtout pas parler à qui que ce soit de cette réunion
    There's no way you're going out tonight! Il n'est pas question que tu sortes ce soir!

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > interdiction

  • 7 excluir

    v.
    to exclude (dejar fuera).
    Elsa excluye a los hombres Elsa excludes men.
    El forense excluye los hematomas The coroner excludes the hematomas.
    Los racistas excluyen a Ricardo The racists exclude Richard.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ HUIR], like link=huir huir
    1 to exclude, shut out
    2 (rechazar) to reject; (descartar) to rule out; (expulsar) to throw out
    * * *
    verb
    to exclude, leave out
    * * *
    VT
    1) (=de grupo, herencia) to exclude (de from)

    lo han excluido del equipo — he's been dropped from o excluded from o left out of the team

    2) (=eliminar) [+ solución] to reject; [+ posibilidad] to rule out
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( no incluir) to exclude

    excluir algo/a alguien de algo — to exclude something/somebody from something

    b) <posibilidad/solución> to rule out, exclude
    * * *
    = escape + inclusion, exclude, leave out, preclude, rule out, bar, exempt, ban, foreclose.
    Ex. Other words may be included in a stop-wordlist for some applications, but escape inclusion in other circumstances.
    Ex. This definition does not exclude the names of persons, bodies, chemicals, trade names and so on.
    Ex. Inevitably any abridgement poses the dilemma how to abridge, that is, what to leave out and what to include.
    Ex. His obsessive concern for detail precluded the delegation of responsibility to others.
    Ex. If, however, we index documents about primary schools under the term primary school, we can immediately rule out a lot of irrelevant documents in our search.
    Ex. Once the library is closed, all incoming or all outgoing calls should be barred.
    Ex. Schools and libraries are not exempted although tax is not payable on fixed educational costs.
    Ex. In the Soviet Union the introduction of glasnost has allowed the publication of some books previously banned, but has had little effect on libraries.
    Ex. The USA must act quickly before the rush of events forecloses some of the options now available for developing and managing this technology.
    ----
    * protección para excluir o aislar = excluder.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( no incluir) to exclude

    excluir algo/a alguien de algo — to exclude something/somebody from something

    b) <posibilidad/solución> to rule out, exclude
    * * *
    = escape + inclusion, exclude, leave out, preclude, rule out, bar, exempt, ban, foreclose.

    Ex: Other words may be included in a stop-wordlist for some applications, but escape inclusion in other circumstances.

    Ex: This definition does not exclude the names of persons, bodies, chemicals, trade names and so on.
    Ex: Inevitably any abridgement poses the dilemma how to abridge, that is, what to leave out and what to include.
    Ex: His obsessive concern for detail precluded the delegation of responsibility to others.
    Ex: If, however, we index documents about primary schools under the term primary school, we can immediately rule out a lot of irrelevant documents in our search.
    Ex: Once the library is closed, all incoming or all outgoing calls should be barred.
    Ex: Schools and libraries are not exempted although tax is not payable on fixed educational costs.
    Ex: In the Soviet Union the introduction of glasnost has allowed the publication of some books previously banned, but has had little effect on libraries.
    Ex: The USA must act quickly before the rush of events forecloses some of the options now available for developing and managing this technology.
    * protección para excluir o aislar = excluder.

    * * *
    vt
    1 (no incluir) to exclude
    en la casa viven cinco personas excluyendo los niños there are five people living in the house, excluding o not including the children
    intentaron excluirlo de las conversaciones they tried to exclude him from the talks
    2 ‹posibilidad/solución› to rule out, exclude
    su actitud excluye toda posibilidad de diálogo her attitude rules out any possibility of dialogue
    * * *

    excluir ( conjugate excluir) verbo transitivo
    to exclude;
    ‹ posibilidad› to rule out
    excluir verbo transitivo to exclude
    ' excluir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    dejar
    - salvarse
    - todo
    English:
    ban
    - bar
    - count out
    - cut out
    - exclude
    - leave out
    - miss out
    - ostracize
    - preclude
    - rule out
    - leave
    * * *
    1. [dejar fuera] to exclude (de from); [hipótesis, opción] to rule out, to exclude;
    fue excluido del equipo he was excluded from the team, he was left out of the team;
    no excluimos ninguna posibilidad we are not ruling out o excluding any possibility;
    excluyendo obras menores, toda su producción está aquí excluding minor works, her entire output is here
    2. [hacer imposible] to rule out, to preclude;
    esa postura excluye cualquier posibilidad de acuerdo that stance rules out o precludes any possibility of an agreement
    * * *
    v/t
    1 leave out (de of), exclude (de from)
    2 posibilidad rule out, exclude
    * * *
    excluir {41} vt
    exceptuar: to exclude, to leave out
    * * *
    excluir vb to exclude

    Spanish-English dictionary > excluir

  • 8 toro

    m.
    1 bull.
    toro de lidia fighting bull
    ir a los toros to go to a bullfight
    2 Toro, Toro Company.
    * * *
    1 (animal) bull
    1 (corrida) bullfight sing; (arte) bullfighting sing
    \
    coger al toro por los cuernos figurado to take the bull by the horns
    estar hecho un toro familiar to be a big strapping man
    fuerte como un toro figurado as strong as an ox
    ir a los toros to go to a bullfight
    toro bravo / toro de lidia fighting bull
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Zool) bull

    toro bravo, toro de lidia — fighting bull

    2) (=hombre) strong man, he-man *, tough guy *
    3)

    los toros — (=corrida) bullfight sing ; (=toreo) bullfighting

    - ver los toros desde la barrera
    4)
    5)

    Toro — (Astrol) Taurus

    * * *
    1) ( animal) bull

    agarrar al toro por las astas or los cuernos (AmL) or (Esp) coger el toro por los cuernos — to take the bull by the horns

    fuerte como un toro — as strong as an ox

    2) los toros masculino plural ( el espectáculo) bullfighting
    •• Cultural note:
    Bullfighting is popular in Spain, Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela. For some Spaniards it is crucial to Spanish identity. The season runs from March to October in Spain, from November to March in Latin America. The art of bullfighting is given the name tauromaquia. The bullfighters in a corrida gather in cuadrillas. The principal bullfighter, or matador, is assisted by peones. Their outfit, the traje de luces, consists of a tight silk jacket and trousers, decorated with embroidery and epaulettes, and a black, two-cornered hat known as a montera
    * * *
    = bull.
    Ex. This article introduces an expert system the purpose of which is propose some candidate bull breeds for a cow to give birth to calves who might have improved properties in the point of eugenics.
    ----
    * coger el toro por los cuernos = seize + the bull by the horns, take + the bull by the horns, grasp + the nettle, face + Posesivo + fears.
    * corrida de toros = bullfight.
    * fuerte como un toro = as strong as an ox.
    * hecho un toro = as strong as an ox.
    * más fuerte que un toro = as strong as an ox.
    * plaza de toros = bullring.
    * toro castrado = bullock.
    * * *
    1) ( animal) bull

    agarrar al toro por las astas or los cuernos (AmL) or (Esp) coger el toro por los cuernos — to take the bull by the horns

    fuerte como un toro — as strong as an ox

    2) los toros masculino plural ( el espectáculo) bullfighting
    •• Cultural note:
    Bullfighting is popular in Spain, Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela. For some Spaniards it is crucial to Spanish identity. The season runs from March to October in Spain, from November to March in Latin America. The art of bullfighting is given the name tauromaquia. The bullfighters in a corrida gather in cuadrillas. The principal bullfighter, or matador, is assisted by peones. Their outfit, the traje de luces, consists of a tight silk jacket and trousers, decorated with embroidery and epaulettes, and a black, two-cornered hat known as a montera
    * * *
    = bull.

    Ex: This article introduces an expert system the purpose of which is propose some candidate bull breeds for a cow to give birth to calves who might have improved properties in the point of eugenics.

    * coger el toro por los cuernos = seize + the bull by the horns, take + the bull by the horns, grasp + the nettle, face + Posesivo + fears.
    * corrida de toros = bullfight.
    * fuerte como un toro = as strong as an ox.
    * hecho un toro = as strong as an ox.
    * más fuerte que un toro = as strong as an ox.
    * plaza de toros = bullring.
    * toro castrado = bullock.

    * * *
    A (animal) bull
    agarrar al toro por las astas ( AmL) or ( Esp) coger el toro por los cuernos or (Col, Ven) agarrar or coger al toro por los cachos to take the bull by the horns
    fuerte como un toro as strong as an ox
    ver los toros desde la barrera to watch from the sidelines
    Compuesto:
    toro bravo or de lidia
    fighting bull
    B
    nunca he ido a los toros I've never been to a bullfight
    C masculine ( Mat) torus
    * * *

     

    toro sustantivo masculino ( animal) bull;
    toro bravo or de lidia fighting bull;

    ir a los toros to go to a bullfight
    toro
    I m Zool bull
    toro de lidia, fighting bull
    II mpl Taur (espectáculo) los toros, bullfighting
    ♦ Locuciones: familiar coger el toro por los cuernos, to take the bull by the horns
    fam (quedarse sin tiempo) pillar el toro, to run out of time
    fam (fuerza) estar hecho un toro, to be as strong as an ox

    ' toro' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bufido
    - mugir
    - mugido
    - novilla
    - novillo
    - pitón
    - trapío
    - zaina
    - zaino
    - bramar
    - bramido
    - bravío
    - bravo
    - casta
    - castrar
    - coger
    - cuadrar
    - cuerno
    - embestir
    - lidiar
    - lomo
    - manso
    - reparar
    - semental
    - torear
    - voltear
    English:
    amok
    - bull
    - charge
    - fighting
    - roar
    - strong
    * * *
    toro nm
    1. [animal] bull;
    agarrar o Esp [m5] coger el toro por los cuernos to take the bull by the horns;
    estar hecho un toro, ser como un toro to be built like a house o tank;
    ver los toros desde la barrera to watch from the wings;
    nos va a pillar el toro we're going to be late;
    a toro pasado with hindsight
    toro bravo fighting bull;
    toro de lidia fighting bull;
    toro mecánico bucking bronco;
    Toro Sentado [jefe indio] Sitting Bull
    2. [lidia]
    los toros bullfighting;
    ir a los toros to go to a bullfight
    3. Geom torus
    4. [carretilla elevadora] forklift truck
    5. Cuba [pez] horned boxfish o trunkfish
    TOROS
    Bullfighting is a highly controversial topic in all of the countries where it takes place. As well as in Spain itself (where campaigns against it are on the increase, especially among young people), it is popular in many Latin American countries, especially Peru and Mexico, though it has been banned in Uruguay since 1912. The fight begins with the band playing as the mounted officials (“alguacilillos”) ride into the ring, followed by a majestic parade of bullfighters (“toreros”). During this parade (or “paseíllo”), the bullfighters, wearing their colourful costumes (known as “trajes de luces”), lead in their teams of assistants (“subalternos”) and picadors. First the bull is provoked into charging by a series of passes (the “pases de capote”) made with a red and yellow coloured cape. This is followed by the three main stages of the bullfight. In the first, the “tercio de varas”, mounted picadors jab the bull with a spear; in the second, the “tercio de banderillas”, small barbed darts (“banderillas”) are thrust into the bull's back as it charges past the “banderillero”; and finally, the “tercio de muerte” features the bullfighter and his red cape (“muleta”) as he confronts and kills the bull, and (with luck) makes a triumphal exit.
    * * *
    m bull;
    ir a los toros go to a bullfight;
    tomar al toro por los cuernos take the bull by the horns
    * * *
    toro nm
    : bull
    * * *
    toro n bull

    Spanish-English dictionary > toro

  • 9 son

    m.
    1 sound (sonido).
    2 Cuban song and dance of African origin.
    3 melody.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person plural (ellos/ellas) present indicative of spanish verb: ser.
    * * *
    1 (sonido) sound
    2 figurado (modo) manner, way
    \
    ¿a son de qué? whatever for?, why?
    en son de paz in peace
    sin ton ni son without rhyme or reason
    * * *
    I
    SM
    1) (Mús) (=sonido) sound; (=sonido agradable) pleasant sound
    2) (=rumor) rumour, rumor (EEUU)

    corre el son de que... — there is a rumour o (EEUU) rumor going round that...

    3) (=estilo) manner, style

    ¿a qué son?, ¿a son de qué? — why on earth?

    en son de — as, like

    en son de broma — as o for a joke

    4) LAm Afro-Cuban dance and tune
    II
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) ( sonido) sound

    al son del violín — to the strains o to the sound of the violin

    bailar al son de la música que me/te/le tocan — to toe the line

    b)

    en son de: lo dijo en son de burla she said it mockingly o in a mocking tone; venimos en son de paz — we come in peace

    2) ( canción latinoamericana) song with a lively, danceable beat
    II
    * * *
    ----
    * en son de guerra = on the warpath.
    * en son de paz = peacefully.
    * hablar sin ton ni son = talk through + Posesivo + hat.
    * lanzarse sin ton ni son = dive + head-first.
    * sin to ni son = for no good reason.
    * sin ton ni son = for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, without rhyme or reason.
    * venir en son de paz = come in + peace.
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) ( sonido) sound

    al son del violín — to the strains o to the sound of the violin

    bailar al son de la música que me/te/le tocan — to toe the line

    b)

    en son de: lo dijo en son de burla she said it mockingly o in a mocking tone; venimos en son de paz — we come in peace

    2) ( canción latinoamericana) song with a lively, danceable beat
    II
    * * *
    * en son de guerra = on the warpath.
    * en son de paz = peacefully.
    * hablar sin ton ni son = talk through + Posesivo + hat.
    * lanzarse sin ton ni son = dive + head-first.
    * sin to ni son = for no good reason.
    * sin ton ni son = for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, without rhyme or reason.
    * venir en son de paz = come in + peace.
    * * *
    son1
    A
    1 (sonido) sound
    al son del violín to the strains o to the sound of the violin
    bailar al son de la música que me/te/le tocan (literal) to dance to the (sound of the) music; (obedecer) to toe the line
    2
    en son de: lo dijo en son de burla she said it mockingly o in a mocking way o in a mocking tone
    venimos en son de paz we come in peace
    venían en son de guerra they were on the warpath
    B (canción latinoamericana) song with a lively, danceable beat
    ser1 (↑ ser (1))
    * * *

     

    Del verbo ser: ( conjugate ser)

    son es:

    3ª persona plural (ellos/ellas/ustedes) presente indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    ser    
    son
    ser ( conjugate ser) cópula
    1 ( seguido de adjetivos) to be
    ◊ ser expresses identity or nature as opposed to condition or state, which is normally conveyed by estar. The examples given below should be contrasted with those to be found in estar 1 cópula 1 es bajo/muy callado he's short/very quiet;

    es sorda de nacimiento she was born deaf;
    es inglés/católico he's English/(a) Catholic;
    era cierto it was true;
    sé bueno, estate quieto be a good boy and keep still;
    que seas muy feliz I hope you'll be very happy;

    (+ me/te/le etc)

    ver tb imposible, difícil etc
    2 ( hablando de estado civil) to be;

    es viuda she's a widow;
    ver tb estar 1 cópula 2
    3 (seguido de nombre, pronombre) to be;

    ábreme, soy yo open the door, it's me
    4 (con predicado introducido por `de'):

    soy de Córdoba I'm from Cordoba;
    es de los vecinos it belongs to the neighbors, it's the neighbors';
    no soy de aquí I'm not from around here
    5 (hipótesis, futuro):

    ¿será cierto? can it be true?
    verbo intransitivo
    1

    b) (liter) ( en cuentos):

    ◊ érase una vez … once upon a time there was …

    2
    a) (tener lugar, ocurrir):


    ¿dónde fue el accidente? where did the accident happen?

    ◊ ¿qué habrá sido de él? I wonder what happened to o what became of him;

    ¿qué es de Marisa? (fam) what's Marisa up to (these days)? (colloq);
    ¿qué va a ser de nosotros? what will become of us?
    3 ( sumar):
    ◊ ¿cuánto es (todo)? how much is that (altogether)?;

    son 3.000 pesos that'll be o that's 3,000 pesos;
    somos diez en total there are ten of us altogether
    4 (indicando finalidad, adecuación) son para algo to be for sth;

    ( en locs)
    ◊ a no ser que (+ subj) unless;

    ¿cómo es eso? why is that?, how come? (colloq);
    como/cuando/donde sea: tengo que conseguir ese trabajo como sea I have to get that job no matter what;
    hazlo como sea, pero hazlo do it any way o however you want but get it done;
    el lunes o cuando sea next Monday or whenever;
    puedo dormir en el sillón o donde sea I can sleep in the armchair or wherever you like o anywhere you like;
    de ser así (frml) should this be so o the case (frml);
    ¡eso es! that's it!, that's right!;
    es que …: ¿es que no lo saben? do you mean to say they don't know?;
    es que no sé nadar the thing is I can't swim;
    lo que sea: cómete una manzana, o lo que sea have an apple or something;
    estoy dispuesta a hacer lo que sea I'm prepared to do whatever it takes;
    o sea: en febrero, o sea hace un mes in February, that is to say a month ago;
    o sea que no te interesa in other words, you're not interested;
    o sea que nunca lo descubriste so you never found out;
    (ya) sea …, (ya) sea … either …, or …;
    sea como sea at all costs;
    sea cuando sea whenever it is;
    sea donde sea no matter where;
    sea quien sea whoever it is;
    si no fuera/hubiera sido por … if it wasn't o weren't/hadn't been for …
    ( en el tiempo) to be;
    ◊ ¿qué fecha es hoy? what's the date today?, what's today's date;

    serían las cuatro cuando llegó it must have been (about) four (o'clock) when she arrived;
    ver tb v impers
    son v impers to be;

    son v aux ( en la voz pasiva) to be;
    fue construido en 1900 it was built in 1900
    ■ sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) ( ente) being;

    ◊ son humano/vivo human/living being

    b) (individuo, persona):


    2 ( naturaleza):

    son sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) ( sonido) sound;

    ◊ al son del violín to the strains o to the sound of the violin

    b)

    ◊ en son de: lo dijo en son de burla she said it mockingly;

    venimos en son de paz we come in peace
    2 ( canción latinoamericana) song with a lively, danceable beat
    ser
    I sustantivo masculino
    1 being: es un ser despreciable, he's despicable
    ser humano, human being
    ser vivo, living being
    2 (esencia) essence: eso forma parte de su ser, that is part of him
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (cualidad) to be: eres muy modesto, you are very modest
    2 (fecha) to be: hoy es lunes, today is Monday
    ya es la una, it's one o'clock
    3 (cantidad) eran unos cincuenta, there were about fifty people
    (al pagar) ¿cuánto es?, how much is it?
    son doscientas, it is two hundred pesetas
    Mat dos y tres son cinco, two and three make five
    4 (causa) aquella mujer fue su ruina, that woman was his ruin
    5 (oficio) to be a(n): Elvira es enfermera, Elvira is a nurse
    6 (pertenencia) esto es mío, that's mine
    es de Pedro, it is Pedro's
    7 (afiliación) to belong: es del partido, he's a member of the party
    es un chico del curso superior, he is a boy from the higher year
    8 (origen) es de Málaga, she is from Málaga
    ¿de dónde es esta fruta? where does this fruit come from?
    9 (composición, material) to be made of: este jersey no es de lana, this sweater is not (made of) wool
    10 ser de, (afinidad, comparación) lo que hizo fue de tontos, what she did was a foolish thing
    11 (existir) Madrid ya no es lo que era, Madrid isn't what it used to be
    12 (suceder) ¿qué fue de ella?, what became of her?
    13 (tener lugar) to be: esta tarde es el entierro, the funeral is this evening 14 ser para, (finalidad) to be for: es para pelar patatas, it's for peeling potatoes
    (adecuación, aptitud) no es una película para niños, the film is not suitable for children
    esta vida no es para ti, this kind of life is not for you
    15 (efecto) era para llorar, it was painful
    es (como) para darle una bofetada, it makes me want to slap his face
    no es para tomárselo a broma, it is no joke
    16 (auxiliar en pasiva) to be: fuimos rescatados por la patrulla de la Cruz Roja, we were rescued by the Red Cross patrol
    17 ser de (+ infinitivo) era de esperar que se marchase, it was to be expected that she would leave
    ♦ Locuciones: a no ser que, unless
    como sea, anyhow
    de no ser por..., had it not been for
    es más, furthermore
    es que..., it's just that...
    lo que sea, whatever
    o sea, that is (to say)
    sea como sea, in any case o be that as it may
    ser de lo que no hay, to be the limit
    son sustantivo masculino
    1 (sonido) sound
    2 LAm (ritmo cubano) son
    ♦ Locuciones: bailar al son que le tocan, to toe the line o to do everything one is told to do
    hacer algo sin ton ni son, to do sthg any old how
    venir en son de paz, to come in peace
    ' son' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abandonar
    - abdicar
    - abuelo
    - adicta
    - adicto
    - alma
    - amenaza
    - ansiedad
    - asesinar
    - astilla
    - bailar
    - bicho
    - carnal
    - coherente
    - comestible
    - como quiera
    - comoquiera
    - concluyente
    - condición
    - conocida
    - conocido
    - conquista
    - consistente
    - consuegra
    - consuegro
    - contaminante
    - cosa
    - Cristo
    - criticón
    - criticona
    - debilidad
    - directoria I
    - directorio
    - díscola
    - díscolo
    - discorde
    - divertida
    - divertido
    - doméstica
    - doméstico
    - dos
    - dudosa
    - dudoso
    - enamorada
    - enamorado
    - entendida
    - entendido
    - ser
    - escollo
    - escorzo
    English:
    action
    - after
    - alike
    - also
    - amount to
    - amusement
    - and
    - antihistamine
    - Arabian
    - archery
    - arrangement
    - attention span
    - baby-sit
    - be
    - border
    - breeding ground
    - butt in
    - by
    - call
    - carefree
    - certain
    - chance
    - check up on
    - colour
    - come up to
    - common
    - compare
    - conflicting
    - construe
    - cornerstone
    - crepe
    - criticize
    - danger
    - daylight
    - diametrically
    - differ
    - discouraging
    - disown
    - distracted
    - doubtful
    - dune
    - dutiful
    - easy
    - enemy
    - exact
    - exploit
    - father
    - flamingo
    - footnote
    - for
    * * *
    ♦ ver ser
    ♦ nm
    1. [sonido] sound;
    se escuchaba el son de una gaita the sound of bagpipes could be heard;
    bailar al son que tocan: ése baila al son que le tocan los de arriba he does whatever his bosses tell him to do
    2. [canción y baile] = Cuban song and dance of African origin
    ♦ en son de loc prep
    lo dijo en son de burla/disculpa she said it as a taunt/by way of an apology;
    venir en son de paz to come in peace;
    venir en son de guerra to come with warlike intentions
    SON
    The Cuban music known as son evolved from a fusion of African and Spanish musical influences in the late 19th century, and is the basis of much of today's Caribbean music, such as salsa or mambo. Before the 1920s, when it became widely popular, son was mostly enjoyed by the lower classes and was once even banned for being immoral. A son group usually consists of the “tres” (a double-stringed guitar), bongos, “claves” or “palos” (a pair of sticks which are struck together to give a beat), a normal guitar, a bass guitar and voice, although there are many variations. Among the greatest exponents of son were Benny Moré (1919-63) and Arsenio Rodríguez (1911-72).
    * * *
    I m sound;
    al son de to the sound of;
    en son de broma jokingly;
    en son de paz in peace
    II vb → ser
    * * *
    son nm
    1) : sound
    al son de la trompeta: at the sound of the trumpet
    2) : news, rumor
    3)
    en son de : as, in the manner of, by way of
    en son de broma: as a joke
    en son de paz: in peace

    Spanish-English dictionary > son

  • 10 tú

    adj.
    your, your own, thy.
    * * *
    tu
    1 your
    2 RELIGIÓN Thy
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    SM ABR
    = tiempo universal U.T.
    * * *
    adjetivo (delante del n) your
    * * *
    = you, your, thou.
    Ex. I am glad of the opportunity to discuss this subject for several reasons: firstly, I have been interested in it for some time and would like to share some of my thoughts with you.
    Ex. And there is a basis for your belief: money.
    Ex. The article ' Thou shalt not read: banned books for children' argues that the obligation of librarians to young adults is to offer a broad range of choices that entertain, comfort, enlighten and inspire them.
    ----
    * entre tú y yo = between you and me, between ourselves.
    * tirar piedras contra tu propio tejado = cut + the branch + you sit on.
    * tú hazme caso = take it from me.
    * tú te lo guisas, tú te lo comes = you've made your bed, now you must lie in it!.
    * * *
    adjetivo (delante del n) your
    * * *
    = you, your, thou.

    Ex: I am glad of the opportunity to discuss this subject for several reasons: firstly, I have been interested in it for some time and would like to share some of my thoughts with you.

    Ex: And there is a basis for your belief: money.
    Ex: The article ' Thou shalt not read: banned books for children' argues that the obligation of librarians to young adults is to offer a broad range of choices that entertain, comfort, enlighten and inspire them.
    * entre tú y yo = between you and me, between ourselves.
    * tirar piedras contra tu propio tejado = cut + the branch + you sit on.
    * tú hazme caso = take it from me.
    * tú te lo guisas, tú te lo comes = you've made your bed, now you must lie in it!.

    * * *
    tu
    tus amigos your friends
    hágase tu voluntad ( Relig) thy will be done
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    tu    
    tú
    tu adjetivo ( delante del n) your;

    tú pron pers familiar form of address
    1 (como sujeto, en comparaciones, con preposición) you;
    ◊ ¿quién lo va a hacer? — tú who's going to do it? — you are;

    llegó después que tú he arrived after you (did);
    entre tú y yo between you and me;
    tratar de tú a algn to address sb using the familiar tú form
    2 ( uno) you;

    tu adj pos your
    tu hermana, your sister
    tus hermanas, your sisters
    tú pron you
    ♦ Locuciones: hablar de tú a tú, to speak on equal terms
    tratar a alguien de tú, to address sb using the familiar "tú" form
    'tú' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abismo
    - aburrida
    - aburrido
    - acercar
    - acomodar
    - acordarse
    - actualizar
    - agradecer
    - aguantar
    - ahumar
    - albedrío
    - alcance
    - algo
    - andar
    - antojo
    - apelar
    - balance
    - bien
    - cada
    - callar
    - caso
    - chula
    - chulo
    - comedia
    - como
    - competencia
    - comprometer
    - condenable
    - confesar
    - confín
    - confundir
    - congratularse
    - contrapelo
    - córcholis
    - cosa
    - crasa
    - craso
    - cuidar
    - cumplir
    - decir
    - decidir
    - deferencia
    - definitivamente
    - dejar
    - delante
    - desastre
    - desconocer
    - desdecir
    - desmejorada
    - desmejorado
    English:
    acceptable
    - address
    - admit
    - afraid
    - after
    - appreciate
    - as
    - asinine
    - avenue
    - backup
    - bear
    - best
    - big
    - brush up
    - bump into
    - bung
    - chance
    - civil
    - come
    - commensurate
    - condition
    - condone
    - consent
    - cooperation
    - cross off
    - cross out
    - danger
    - deeply
    - direction
    - disapprove
    - dissatisfied
    - do without
    - downside
    - duration
    - enjoy
    - especially
    - excuse
    - extend
    - familiar
    - fancy
    - far
    - fault
    - fly
    - give
    - glad
    - gloat
    - go together
    - good
    - grasp
    - grateful
    * * *
    tu adj posesivo
    your;
    tu casa your house;
    tus libros your books
    * * *
    tu, tus
    adj pos your
    * * *
    tu adj
    1) : your
    tu vestido: your dress
    toma tus vitaminas: take your vitamins
    2) : thy
    tú pron
    1) : you
    tú eres mi hijo: you are my son
    2) : thou
    * * *
    tu adj your

    Spanish-English dictionary > tú

  • 11 sortie

    sortie [sɔʀti]
    1. feminine noun
       a. ( = action, moment) [de personne] exit ; [de véhicule, bateau] departure ; (Military) ( = mission) sortie ; (Theatre) exit
    • à sa sortie, tous se sont tus when he went out everybody fell silent
    • à la sortie des bureaux/théâtres when the offices/theatres come out
    • à sa sortie de prison when he comes (or came) out of prison
       b. ( = fin) end
       c. ( = promenade) outing ; (le soir: au théâtre, au cinéma etc) evening out
    • il est de sortie [soldat, domestique] it's his day off
    • sortie éducative or scolaire (School) field trip
       d. ( = lieu) exit
    • « sortie de camions » "vehicle exit"
    • par ici la sortie ! this way out!
       e. ( = remarque drôle) sally ; ( = remarque incongrue) peculiar remark
       f. ( = mise en vente) [de voiture, modèle] launching ; [de livre] publication ; [de disque, film] release
       g. [de marchandises, devises] export
       h. ( = somme dépensée) item of expenditure
    * * *
    sɔʀti
    1) ( lieu) exit

    prenez la première sortie — ( sur une route) take the first exit

    ‘sortie’ — ( sur un panneau) ‘exit’, ‘way out’ GB

    à la sortie de la ville — ( extra-muros) on the outskirts of the town; ( intra-muros) on the edge of the town

    2) ( moment)

    à ma sortie du tribunal/de l'armée — when I left the court/the army

    l'heure de la sortie — École home time; ( du travail) knocking-off (colloq) time

    3) ( départ)

    faire une sortie fracassante — [personne] to make a dramatic exit

    4) ( activité) gén outing

    ce soir, c'est mon soir de sortie — tonight is my night out

    5) ( commercialisation) ( de nouveau modèle) launching [U]; (de film, disque) release; ( de livre) publication; ( de collection) showing; ( de nouveau journal) publication
    6) (colloq) ( déclaration) remark
    7) Électrotechnique, Informatique output

    sortie laser — ( processus) hardcopy laser output; ( feuille imprimée) laser hardcopy

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    sɔʀti nf
    1) (= issue) way out, exit

    "sortie de camions" — "vehicle exit"

    à sa sortie, elle... — as she left, she...

    à sa sortie, il... — as she left, he...

    à la sortie de l'école/l'usine (moment) — after school/work, when school/the factory comes out

    Attends-moi à la sortie de l'école. — Meet me after school., (lieu) at the school/factory gates

    3) [gaz, eau] outlet
    4) (= promenade) outing, (le soir) night out
    5) MILITAIRE sortie
    6) fig (verbale: colère, indignation) outburst, (= trait d'esprit) sally, (parole incongrue) odd remark
    7) COMMERCE, [modèle] launch, [film] release

    À la sortie du nouveau modèle, les commandes ont afflué. — When the new model came out, orders poured in for it.

    8) [capitaux] outflow
    9) COMMERCE (= somme) item of expenditure

    des sorties — items of expenditure, outgoings

    10) INFORMATIQUE, [données] output
    11) [imprimante] hard copy, printout
    * * *
    sortie nf
    1 ( lieu) exit; la sortie est à gauche the exit is to the left; je t'attendrai à la sortie I'll wait for you outside (the building); prenez la première sortie ( sur une route) take the first exit; ‘sortie’ ( sur un panneau) ‘exit’, ‘way out’ GB; trouver la sortie ( de l'intérieur) to find one's way out; la sortie est indiquée par une flèche the exit ou way out GB is shown by an arrow; raccompagner qn jusqu'à la sortie to see sb out; à la sortie de la ville ( extra-muros) on the outskirts of the town; ( intra-muros) on the edge of the town; à la sortie ouest de la ville on the western edge of the town; les sorties de Paris sont encombrées the roads out of Paris are busy; surveiller la sortie des écoles to patrol the school gates; à la sortie du canal de Suez at the mouth of the Suez canal;
    2 ( moment) à ma sortie du tribunal/de l'armée/de la réunion when I left the court/the army/the meeting; sa femme l'attendait à sa sortie de prison his wife was waiting for him when he came out of prison; depuis ma sortie de prison since I came out of prison; à leur sortie d'hôpital when they came out of hospital; prendre ses enfants à la sortie de l'école to pick the children up after school; se retrouver à la sortie de l'école/du théâtre to meet after school/the play; mendier à la sortie des cinémas/églises to beg outside cinemas/churches; être arrêté à sa sortie du territoire to be arrested as one is leaving the country; six mois après leur sortie de l'université six months after they left college; à la sortie de l'hiver at the end of winter; sortie des usines/bureaux/magasins knocking-off○ time; à la sortie des usines/bureaux/magasins when the factories/offices/shops GB ou stores US turn out GB ou lock up US; l'heure de la sortie Scol home time; Entr knocking-off○ time;
    3 ( départ) faire une sortie fracassante/remarquée [personne] to make a sensational/conspicuous exit; je suis las de tes entrées et sorties continuelles I'm tired of your constant comings and goings; sortie d'un navire departure of a boat; la sortie de la récession/crise the end of the recession/crisis; la sortie de la livre hors du SME the withdrawal of the pound from the ERM; la sortie des Républiques hors de l'union the republics' withdrawal from the union; le droit à la libre sortie du territoire the right to travel freely abroad; être interdit de sortie (du territoire) to be forbidden to leave the country; jusqu'à la sortie du ventre maternel until the moment of birth;
    4 ( activité) gén outing; économiser sur les sorties to cut down on outings; faire une sortie to go on an outing; être de sortie○ [élèves] to be on an outing; faire une sortie avec l'école to go on a school outing; sortie à la campagne outing to the country; ce soir, c'est mon soir de sortie tonight is my evening out; le samedi est mon jour de sortie Saturday is my day out; c'est la sortie du samedi soir it's Saturday night out; priver qn de sortie to forbid sb to go out; première sortie d'un convalescent a convalescent's first time out; le patron est de sortie○ the boss is out; première sortie en coupe du monde Sport first game in the world cup;
    5 ( commercialisation) ( de nouveau modèle) launching ¢; (de film, disque) release; ( de livre) publication; ( de collection) presentation; ( de nouveau journal) publication; le film/livre a été interdit dès sa sortie the film/book was banned as soon as it came out; lors de la sortie parisienne du film when the film was released in Paris; la sortie du journal est à six heures the newspaper comes out at six o'clock; le numéro a été entièrement vendu dès sa sortie the issue sold out as soon as it went on sale;
    6 ○( déclaration) remark; faire une sortie désagréable to make a nasty remark;
    7 Électron, Électrotech, Ordinat output; données de sortie output data; puissance de sortie output power; signal de sortie output signal; sortie sur imprimante ( processus) printing; faire une sortie sur imprimante to print; sortie laser ( processus) hardcopy laser output; ( feuille imprimée) laser hardcopy;
    8 Pol ( retraite) retirement; sortie de la vie politique retirement from political life;
    9 Théât ( d'acteur) sortie (de scène) exit; il a été applaudi à sa sortie (de scène) he was applauded as he left the stage; rater○ sa sortie to fluff○ one's exit; ⇒ faux;
    10 Mil sortie; sortie de nuit night sortie; faire/tenter une sortie to make/to attempt a sortie;
    11 Compta ( dépense) expenditure;
    12 Fin ( de capitaux) outflow; sortie de fonds cash outflow;
    13 Écon ( de marchandises) export;
    14 Tech ( orifice) outlet; sortie des gaz d'échappement ( processus) discharge of exhaust gases; sortie des eaux usées ( emplacement) sewage outfall; ( processus) discharge of sewage.
    sortie des artistes Théât stage-door; sortie d'autoroute exit; sortie de bain Mode bathrobe; être en sortie de bain to be wearing a bathrobe; sortie de but ( au football) goal-kick; sortie en corner corner; ‘sortie d'école’ ( sur un panneau) ‘school’; sortie éducative field trip; sortie dans l'espace spacewalk; faire une sortie dans l'espace to walk in space; sortie de mêlée ( au rugby) heel-out; sortie scolaire ( d'un jour) school outing; ( de plus d'un jour) school trip; sortie en touche ( au football) throw-in; sortie (en touche) pour Pau Pau throw-in; ‘sortie de véhicules’ ( sur un panneau) ‘vehicle exit’.
    je t'attends or tu vas voir à la sortie○! I'll get you outside!
    [sɔrti] nom féminin
    1. [action] exit
    sa sortie fut très remarquée her exit ou departure did not go unnoticed
    faire sa sortie THÉÂTRE to leave the stage, to exit
    2. [moment]
    à ma sortie de prison/d'hôpital when I come (ou came) out of prison/hospital, on my release from prison/discharge from hospital
    à la sortie des bureaux/usines, la circulation est infernale when the offices/factories come out, the traffic is hell
    retrouvons-nous à la sortie du travail/spectacle let's meet after work/the show
    3. [fin] end
    à ma sortie de l'école [à la fin de mes études] when I left school
    4. [excursion, promenade] outing
    [soirée en ville] evening ou night out
    on a organisé une petite sortie en famille/à vélo we've organized a little family outing/cycle ride
    5. AÉRONAUTIQUE & MILITAIRE sortie
    6. [porte, issue - d'une école, d'une usine] gates ; [ - d'une salle de spectacles] exit, way out
    par ici la sortie! this way out, please!
    ‘attention, sortie de garage/véhicules’ ‘caution, garage entrance/vehicle exit’
    7. [sur route] exit
    8. BANQUE & ÉCONOMIE [de produits, de devises] export
    [de capital] outflow
    [sujet de dépense] item of expenditure
    [dépense] outgoing
    9. [d'un disque, d'un film] release
    [d'un roman] publication
    [d'un modèle] launch
    10. INFORMATIQUE [de données] output, readout
    [option sur programme] exit
    11. SPORT [aux jeux de ballon]
    faire une sortie [gardien de but] to come out of goal, to leave the goalmouth
    [en gymnastique] exit
    12. [d'un cheval] outing
    13. (familier) [remarque] quip, sally
    [emportement] outburst
    14. [d'eau, de gaz] outflow, outlet
    15. IMPRIMERIE [des presses] delivery
    ————————
    de sortie locution adjectivale
    c'est son jour de sortie [d'un domestique] it's his/her day off

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > sortie

  • 12 Angola

    (and Enclave of Cabinda)
       From 1575 to 1975, Angola was a colony of Portugal. Located in west-central Africa, this colony has been one of the largest, most strategically located, and richest in mineral and agricultural resources in the continent. At first, Portugal's colonial impact was largely coastal, but after 1700 it became more active in the interior. By international treaties signed between 1885 and 1906, Angola's frontiers with what are now Zaire and Zambia were established. The colony's area was 1,246,700 square kilometers (481,000 square miles), Portugal's largest colonial territory after the independence of Brazil. In Portugal's third empire, Angola was the colony with the greatest potential.
       The Atlantic slave trade had a massive impact on the history, society, economy, and demography of Angola. For centuries, Angola's population played a subordinate role in the economy of Portugal's Brazil-centered empire. Angola's population losses to the slave trade were among the highest in Africa, and its economy became, to a large extent, hostage to the Brazilian plantation-based economic system. Even after Brazil's independence in 1822, Brazilian economic interests and capitalists were influential in Angola; it was only after Brazil banned the slave trade in 1850 that the heavy slave traffic to former Portuguese America began to wind down. Although slavery in Angola was abolished, in theory, in the 1870s, it continued in various forms, and it was not until the early 1960s that its offspring, forced labor, was finally ended.
       Portugal's economic exploitation of Angola went through different stages. During the era of the Atlantic slave trade (ca. 1575-1850), when many of Angola's slaves were shipped to Brazil, Angola's economy was subordinated to Brazil's and to Portugal's. Ambitious Lisbon-inspired projects followed when Portugal attempted to replace the illegal slave trade, long the principal income source for the government of Angola, with legitimate trade, mining, and agriculture. The main exports were dyes, copper, rubber, coffee, cotton, and sisal. In the 1940s and 1950s, petroleum emerged as an export with real potential. Due to the demand of the World War II belligerents for Angola's raw materials, the economy experienced an impetus, and soon other articles such as diamonds, iron ore, and manganese found new customers. Angola's economy, on an unprecedented scale, showed significant development, which was encouraged by Lisbon. Portugal's colonization schemes, sending white settlers to farm in Angola, began in earnest after 1945, although such plans had been nearly a century in the making. Angola's white population grew from about 40,000 in 1940 to nearly 330,000 settlers in 1974, when the military coup occurred in Portugal.
       In the early months of 1961, a war of African insurgency broke out in northern Angola. Portugal dispatched armed forces to suppress resistance, and the African insurgents were confined to areas on the borders of northern and eastern Angola at least until the 1966-67 period. The 13-year colonial war had a telling impact on both Angola and Portugal. When the Armed Forces Movement overthrew the Estado Novo on 25 April 1974, the war in Angola had reached a stalemate and the major African nationalist parties (MPLA, FNLA, and UNITA) had made only modest inroads in the northern fringes and in central and eastern Angola, while there was no armed activity in the main cities and towns.
       After a truce was called between Portugal and the three African parties, negotiations began to organize the decolonizat ion process. Despite difficult maneuvering among the parties, Portugal, the MPLA, FNLA, and UNITA signed the Alvor Agreement of January 1975, whereby Portugal would oversee a transition government, create an all-Angola army, and supervise national elections to be held in November 1975. With the outbreak of a bloody civil war among the three African parties and their armies, the Alvor Agreement could not be put into effect. Fighting raged between March and November 1975. Unable to prevent the civil war or to insist that free elections be held, Portugal's officials and armed forces withdrew on 11 November 1975. Rather than handing over power to one party, they transmitted sovereignty to the people of Angola. Angola's civil war continued into the 21st century.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Angola

  • 13 Slavery and Slave trade, Portuguese

       The Portuguese role in the Atlantic slave trade (ca. 1500-1850), next to Portugal's motives for empire and the nature of her colonial rule, remains one of the most controversial historical questions. The institution of slavery was conventional in Roman and Visigothic Portugal, and the Catholic Church sanctioned it. The origins of an international traffic in enslaved African captives in the Atlantic are usually dated to after the year 1411, when the first black African slaves were brought to Portugal (Lagos) and sold, but there were activities a century earlier that indicated the beginnings. In the 1340s, under King Afonso IV, Portuguese had captured native islanders on voyages to the Canary Islands and later used them as slave labor in the sugar plantations of Madeira. After 1500, and especially after the 1550s, when African slave-worked plantations became established in Brazil and other American colonies, the Atlantic slave trade became a vast international enterprise in which Portugal played a key role. But all the European maritime powers were involved in the slave trade from 1500 to 1800, including Great Britain, France, and Holland, those countries that eventually pressured Portugal to cease the slave trade in its empire.
       No one knows the actual numbers of Africans enslaved in the nefarious business, but it is clear that millions of persons during more than three-and-a-half centuries were forcibly stolen from African societies and that the survivors of the terrible slave voyages helped build the economies of the Americas. Portugal's role in the trade was as controversial as its impact on Portuguese society. Comparatively large numbers of African slaves resided in Portugal, although the precise number remains a mystery; by the last quarter of the 18th century, when the prime minister of King José I, the Marquis of Pombal abolished slavery in Portugal, the African racial element had been largely absorbed in Portuguese society.
       Great Portuguese fortunes were built on the African slave trade in Portugal, Brazil, and Angola, and the slave trade continued in the Portuguese empire until the 1850s and 1860s. The Angolan slave trade across the Atlantic was doomed after Brazil banned the import of slaves in 1850, under great pressure from Britain. As for slavery in Portugal's African empire, various forms of this institution, including forced labor, continued in Angola and Mozambique until the early 1960s. A curious vestige of the Portuguese role in the African slave trade over the centuries is found in the family name, appearing in Lisbon telephone books, of Negreiro, which means literally, "One who trades in (African) Negro slaves."

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Slavery and Slave trade, Portuguese

  • 14 Mignet, Henri

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 19 October 1893 Saintes, France
    d. 31 August 1965 Bordeaux, France
    [br]
    French inventor of the Pou-du-Ciel or Flying Flea, a small aeroplane for the do-it-yourself constructor, popular in the 1930s.
    [br]
    Throughout the history of aviation there have been many attempts to produce a cheap and simple aeroplane for "the man in the street". The tiny Demoiselle built by Alberto Santos- Dumont in 1909 or the de Havilland Moth of 1925 are good examples, but the one which very nearly achieved this aim was Henri Mignet's Flying Flea of 1933. Mignet was a self-taught designer of light aircraft, which often incorporated his unorthodox ideas. His Pou-du-Ciel ("Sky Louse" or "Flying Flea") was unorthodox. The materials used in construction were conventional wood and fabric, but the control system departed from the usual wing plus tailplane (with elevators). The Flea had two wings in tandem. The rear wing was fixed, while the forward wing was hinged to allow the angle of incidence, and hence its lift, to be increased or decreased. Reducing the forward wing's lift would cause the Flea to dive. After Mignet's first flight, on 6 September 1933, and the publication of his book Le Sport de l'air, which explains how to build a Poudu-Ciel, a Pou-building craze started in France. Mignet's book was translated into English and 6,000 copies were sold in a month. During 1935 the craze spread to Britain, where a Flying Flea could be built for £50–£90, including the engine. After several fatal crashes, the aircraft was banned in 1936. A design fault in the control system was to blame, and although this was remedied the wave of popular enthusiasm vanished. Mignet continued to design light aircraft and during the Second World War he was working on a Pou- Maquis for use by the French Resistance but the war ended before the aircraft was ready. During the post-war years a series of Flying Flea derivatives appeared, but their numbers were small. However, the home-build movement in general has grown in recent years, a fact which would have pleased Henri Mignet, the "Patron Saint of Homebuilders".
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. Médaille de l'Aéronautique.
    Bibliography
    1935, The Flying Flea: How to Build and Fly it, London (English edn).
    Further Reading
    Ken Ellis and Geoff Jones, 1990, Henri Mignet and His Flying Flea, Yeovil (a full account).
    Geoff Jones, 1992, Building and Flying Your Own Plane, Yeovil (describes the Flying Flea and its place in the homebuild story).
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Mignet, Henri

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